Ancient Indian History

Book Review : Miss. Komal Yuvraj Gangurde, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir’s Loknete Vyankatrao Hiray Arts, Science and Commerce College, Panchvati, Nahik.

Ancient Indian History by Shyam Bihari
Shyam Bihari’s Ancient Indian History offers an in-depth exploration of India’s rich and complex past, emphasizing its cultural, political, and economic evolution. The book meticulously traces the trajectory of Indian civilization from prehistoric times to the early medieval period, showcasing how diverse influences shaped the subcontinent’s identity.

#### Prehistoric and Protohistoric Periods
The book begins with an analysis of prehistoric India, highlighting the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic cultures. Bihari elaborates on the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settled life. A significant section is devoted to the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization), noted for its urban planning, trade networks, and advancements in metallurgy and crafts. The decline of this civilization and the subsequent migration of Indo-Aryans set the stage for the Vedic Age.

#### Vedic and Later Vedic Periods
The text delves into the early Vedic society, which revolved around pastoralism, the composition of the Rigveda, and the worship of natural forces. In the later Vedic period, agricultural expansion and the emergence of Janapadas (kingdoms) led to social stratification and the consolidation of political power. The evolution of the Varna system and its implications for society are analyzed in detail.

#### Religious and Philosophical Developments
Bihari emphasizes the profound philosophical contributions of ancient India. The Upanishads introduced concepts like Brahman and Atman, which laid the foundation for later Hindu philosophy. Parallel to this, the 6th century BCE witnessed a wave of heterodox sects, including Jainism and Buddhism, founded by Mahavira and Gautama Buddha. The book examines how these religions challenged Vedic orthodoxy and spread across Asia.

#### Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Periods
The Mauryan Empire, under the leadership of Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, is portrayed as a landmark in Indian political history. Bihari details Ashoka’s efforts to propagate Buddhism and establish a welfare state. The decline of the Mauryas saw the emergence of regional powers, including the Satavahanas, Kushanas, and Shakas, who facilitated cross-cultural exchanges with Central Asia and the Mediterranean world.

#### Gupta and Early Medieval Periods
The Gupta Empire is celebrated as a “Golden Age” in Indian history, marked by advancements in science, mathematics, art, and literature. Scholars like Aryabhata and Kalidasa flourished during this time. Bihari also explores the sociopolitical transformations of the early medieval period, characterized by the rise of feudalism and the proliferation of temple-based culture.

#### Contributions to Global Civilization
The book highlights India’s contributions to the world in various domains, including philosophy, mathematics (e.g., the concept of zero), medicine (Ayurveda), and trade. The author emphasizes India’s role as a cultural and intellectual hub that influenced Southeast Asia, China, and the Islamic world.